Jce0898 p1049 understanding the quadrupole mass filter. A compact quadrupoleorbitrap mass spectrometer with. Diagnosing and resolving mass spec problems april 2017 note. Many benchtop instruments have a mass range of mz 500 but research. Quadrupole mass filter performance enhancement through. Quadrupole mass filters using nonsinusoidal driving potentials present exciting opportunities for new functionality. Pdf a quadrupole mass spectrometer for resolution of low.
A qmf consists of 4 parallel rods spaced equidistantly, the ratio of the rod radius to the radius of the inscribed circle is 1. We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of a new class of chipscale quadrupole mass filter qmf. For use with 880 khz 150qc, standard housing, stabilizing rods, entrance and exit lens. Its compact size, fast scan rate, high transmission efficiency, 2 and modest vacuum requirements are ideal for small inexpensive instruments. Quadrupole mass analyzer uses a combination of rf and dc voltages to operate as a mass filter. Theoretical resolutions 10% valley over 50,000 can be obtained at greater than 50% transmission. The mass of a functional group whose loss is to be detected is selected. Ions with this selected trajectory are then detected by the detector d. The quadrupole is part of an ion trap system that will isolate a plasma of ionized beryllium7 7be for months at a time. Quadrupole mass filter operation with dipole dc and. Quadrupole mass filter with octopole fields article pdf available in rapid communications in mass spectrometry 1722. It consists primarily of an ion source, quadrupole mass filter qmf and.
A quadrupole mass filter consists of four parallel metal rods arranged as in the figure below. In practice four cylindrical rods are used length 10 cm, diameter 1 cm, and r0 0. Having over 20 years of experience, one of our core areas of expertise is the ability to manufacture, assemble and undertake mechanical and functional testing of quadrupole mass filters for use in lc, gc, icp, sift and qtof mass spectrometers. The detector filtered ions strike the detector to result in an ion current which is measured by a sensitive amplifier. A quadrupole mass filter qmf is a key component of a modern mass spectrometer. A quadrupole ion trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. Mass filters in mass spectrometry separations of ions based on properties of mass and charge. The agilent 6100 series quadrupole lcms systems are. Quadrupole mass filter definition of quadrupole mass filter.
The devices are completely batch fabricated using a waferscale process that integrates the quadrupole electrodes, ion optics, and housing into a single monolithic block. The operation of the quadrupole mass spectrometer qms is not quite so simple to. Pdf on sep 1, 2016, mikhail sudakov and others published possibility of operating. The mass filter the mass filter differentiates the ions produced and selects species for detection. The drive voltage is applied at a particular phase once ions have entered the mass filter. Mass spectrometry of proteins, peptides and other analytes. Transmission through the quadrupole mass spectrometer mass. Mass filters in mass spectrometry wilkes university. A quadrupole mass analyzer is sometimes called a quadrupole mass filter or a quadrupole.
The most common form of mass filter is the quadrupole. This type of mass analyzer separates ions based on the stability of their flight trajectories through an. Transmission for a quadrupole mass filter with dipolar. Sn43302 triple quadrupole icpms or single quadrupole icpms. Most quadrupole instruments are limited to unit mz resolution 3 and have a mass range of mz. This is a working document that is regularly being edited and added to. The two quadrupoles q1 and q3 are mass filters and the q2 quadrupole is a crc. How does a mass filter differ from a collisionreaction cell. This is called mass selectiveaxial ejection analysis. The mass spectrometer is essentially an instrument which can be used to measure the. To provide a wide selection of mass ranges and performance options, extrels quadrupoles are manufactured in 3. In a real quadrupole mass spectrometer, fringe fields exist at both the entrance and exit of the mass filter.
Theory behind both quadrupole mass filters and quadrupole ion traps. Simulation of ion trajectories through the mass filter of a quadrupole mass spectrometer f. The aperture radius and the aperture angle are measured in the xy plane. The added fields are much greater than those normally added to conventional rod sets by mechanical tolerances or construction errors. The present report shows that such false precursor peaks can result from the use of round rods rather than hyperbolic rods that are common in all commercial instruments. Ion sources and mass analyzers in protein characterization. Principles of quadrupole and ion trap mass analyzers rev20040526.
Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer pdf. As the name implies, it consists of four cylindrical rods, set parallel to each other. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the agilent 6100 series quadrupole lcms systems. Simulation of ion trajectories through the mass filter of a. The performance of quadrupole mass filters with added octopole fields in the range 2. Quadrupole mass filter definition of quadrupole mass. During a mass scan, dc and rf voltages are ramped resulting in the.
In a quadrupole mass spectrometer the quadrupole is the mass analyzer the component of the. The quadrupole mass spectrometer is the most common mass analyzer. Complete msms mass filters with one resolving quadrupole mass filter for parent ions, followed by a collision cell, followed by another resolving quadrupole mass filter for daughter ions. A quadrupole mass analyzer consists of a set of four conducting rods arranged in parallel, with a space in the middle. Types of mass analyzers tof quadrupole quadrupole ion trap fticr orbitrap fticr. While qit is a 3d quadrupole ion trap, a quadrupole linear ion trap lit or ltq is a 2d quadrupole ion trap. Quadrupole mass spectrometry under the influence of. Finally, the companion paper 5 describes the computer simulation of the working of a quadrupole mass filter. Quadrupole muss spectrometer, ion trajectory simulation. Between the two pairs of rods, an electrical voltage consisting of a. Analogous systems can focus and deflect ions in a vacuum. Simulation of ion trajectories through the mass filter of.
Transmission through the quadrupole mass spectrometer. May 20, 2014 a quadrupole mass filter is composed of four mutually parallel, highly precise, electricallyisolated electrodes. The following chapter is a brief discussion of how a quadrupole mass filter. Bonner denton university of arizona, tucson, az 85721 quadrupole mass analyzers are now widely used in many areas of chemical analvsis. Principles of mass selection with a quadrupole mass filter. A full scan analysis is useful because it shows all of the ions in a. It also has four parallel rods like quadrupole mass filter, but operates with mass selective ejection like the 3dqit. Principles of quadrupole and ion trap mass analyzers. The quadrupole mass analyzer qms is one type of mass analyzer used in mass spectrometry. Quadrupole mass filter a highaccuracy mass filter equipped with a prerod, as well as patented electric field control technology, result in highaccuracy mass separation performance.
Performance evaluationofa loebeibermass filterat 1torr. Pdf possibility of operating quadrupole mass filter at high resolution. An ion of a specific masstocharge ratio mz will be stable and can pass through the quadrupole only when a specific dcrf voltage combination is applied. The quadrupole mass analyzer acts as a mass filter, allowing one mass channel at a time to reach the detector as the mass range is scanned.
As a starting point, ask yourself why the peak in an lc chromatogram is a peak, not a line. The filter system of a quadrupole mass spectrometer consists of four parallel rods arranged in the form of a square. Mamontov, analysis of the quadrupole mass filter with quadrupole excitation by the envelope equation method, technical physics, 10. A qmf uses direct current dc and alternating current ac electric fields to analyze positive or negative ions by mass to charge ratio. Molecular mass spec ion source considerations zgasphase zthermally stable compounds with bp less than 500oc zlimited to masses less than da atomic mass unit. Quadrupole mass filter acceptance in stability island created by doublefrequency quadrupole excitation article pdf available in european journal of mass spectrometry 244. Quadrupole mass filters with octopole fields ding 2003.
Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, q3, where mz selection can occur again. Performance characteristics of a mems quadrupole mass filter with square electrodes experimental and simulated results ieee trans. Q1 and q3 are working as mass filters while q2 is acting as collision cell. A frequently observed characteristic of quadrupole mass filters is the appearance, at high resolution, of a separate precursor peak on the low mass side of each mass peak.
Rapid optimization of mrmms instrument parameters by subtle. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in analyticalbioanalyticalchemistry that provides detailed structural information for a wide variety of compounds mw. Quadrupole mass filters reliance precision limited. Quadrupole mass filters extrels quadrupole mass filters have long been known for their high performance, innovative design, and rugged construction. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, wolfgang paul and collaborators were developing novel methodolgies for storing and manipulating ions through the use of alternating radio frequency electric fields. This diagram shows the geometry of the ideal quadrupole mass. Giraud department of physics and astronomy bachelor of science a quadrupole mass lter qmf has been simulated and manufactured. Chipscale quadrupole mass filters for portable mass spectrometry. What are the differences between quadrupole mass filter. It is also known as a transmission quadrupole mass spectrometer, quadrupole mass filter, or quadrupole mass spectrometer. Because the triple quadrupole is a scanning instrument, the type of detection system it employs must be capable of detecting ions one mz at a time. The quadrupole mass filter has been well studied over the years, ref.
Between the two pairs of rods, an electrical voltage consisting of a dc portion. Quadrupole muss spectrometer, ion trajectory simulation abstract. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer the quadrupole is the component of the. Triple quadrupole icpms or single quadrupole icpms. After the ion files are produced and exit is pressed the return to the main program is. Quadrupole mass spectrometers for advanced science how it works. Design and operation of a portable quadrupole mass. Quadrupole mass spectrometry concepts hiden analytical.
In the geometries files, used as input into simion, a grid size of 0. They are also called radio frequency rf traps or paul traps in honor of wolfgang paul, who invented the device and shared the nobel prize in physics in 1989 for this work. The next section describes some experiments that we have developed for the mass spectrometer. Request pdf quadrupole mass filter operation with dipole dc and quadrupole rf excitation rationale for mass analysis, a quadrupole mass filter qmf usually operates at the upper tip of the. Single quadrupole systems contain only one mass filtering quadrupole while triple quadrupole systems consist of three quadrupoles. Pdf quadrupole mass filter acceptance in stability. It is shown that, using the dipole excitation mode, resolution may be increased from r0. In this section, we shall also examine the trajectories of ions in the quadrupole, obtained as described in section 3. Chipscale quadrupole mass filters achieved entirely through waferscale processing have been designed, fabricated, and characterized. At 0 vpp, the intensity of mz 18 is relatively high and constant until 0.
The orientation of the electrodes is such that there is a hyperbolic quadrupolar electric field between them. Individual peptides in the entering ion beam are selected based on mass tocharge ratio mz by the first quadrupole mass filter and fragmented by collisioninduced dissociation cid in the second quadrupole. I provide this information to help educate the readers. Trapped ions are the result of ions reflected at the pre. Quadrupole mass filter technology developed in the early 1980s, quadrupolebased systems represent approximately 90% of all icp mass spectrometers used today. The paper describes the development of a computer program designed to. Range of stability for qms trajectories obeying mathieus equation. Clarke, in mass spectrometry for the clinical laboratory, 2017. A quadrupole is 2 pairs of parallel, equidistant metal rods poles biased at equal, but opposite potentials. The resulting fragments are then transferred to the third quadrupole, which selectively detects product ions at specified mass to. Computational analysis of quadrupole mass filters employing. March, an introduction to quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, journal of mass spectrometry 32, 3569 1997.
It is not my intent to try to turn the readers into mass spec service technicians. If time is a major consideration in the analysis, then using multiple points is wasting valuable time on the wings and valleys of the peak, which contribute less to the analytical signal figure 2. The mass resolution of quadrupole mass filters is controlled by the applied rfdc ratio operating as a narrow band pass filter, which at a certain point in the scan, eliminates all ions below and above of the desired mz value from detection. Possibility of operating quadrupole mass filter at high resolution. Quadrupole mass spectrometers are intrinsically lowresolvingpower instruments but are relatively cheap and robust. Mass peaks are calculated using the numerical simulation of ion trajectories in the linear quadrupole with the dipole excitations.
Quadrupole mass analyzer an overview sciencedirect topics. Chipscale quadrupole mass filters for portable mass. Aug 03, 2016 this is called mass selectiveaxial ejection analysis. The ionization of a sample occurs at atmospheric pressure in the ion source that is shown on the left. Asymmetric ion extraction from the ctrap provides higher resistance to space chargeinduced ion losses, while symmetric suspension of the orbitrap electrodes reduces noise coupling and improves pumping. Quadrupoles can be used in scanning or filtering mode. Mass spec is a universal technique analysis by ms does not require. Quadrupoles are mass analyzers which consist of four rods with dc and rf voltages applied. Introduction to instrumental analysis and evaluation of data. The paper describes the development of a computer program designed to simulate the performance of the mass filter in an ideal quadrupole mass spectrometer qms. Pdf quadrupole mass filter with octopole fields researchgate. Using this data, diagrams for transmission versus resolution are calculated both for the ideal quadrupole field and for the quadrupole field with round rods.
These fringe fields can play an important role in determining the transmission probability of a specific ion. The prerods also minimize contamination of the quadrupole, eliminating the need for quadrupole maintenance. In scanning mass spectrometry, one starts with a mixture of ions having different. I realize that its a full time job just to run a gcmswhat with. The four major components of a mass spectrometer are the ionizer, the mass analyzer, the detector, and the vacuum pump.
Quadrupole mass analyzer pdf the quadrupole mass analyzer qms is one type of mass analyzer used in. Detection and measurement protocol using a quadrupole mass analyzer. To cope with that, a novel quadrupole gas mass spectrometer balzers gam 400 has been procured and tested, which allows for baseline separation of helium mass 4. Can scan through all masses or sit at one fixed mass. The device integrates the quadrupole electrodes, ion optics, and housing into a single monolithic block, eliminating the electrodetohousing misalignments inherent in other quadrupoles. Both q1 and q3 are scanned simultaneously, offset by the selected neutral loss mass. Pdf the performance of quadrupole mass filters with added octopole fields in the range 2. Simulation and manufacture of a quadrupole mass filter for a 7be ion plasma kellen m.